#FFFFFF#FFFFFF#777777#575757#FFFFFF#097CE7#E8E8E8#6E6E6E#000000#FFFFFF#A1A1A1#8A8A8A#F7F7F7#323232#D4D4D4#FFFFFF#6E6E6E#D0D0D0#A1A1A1#4D4D4DtruefalsetruefalsetruefalsetruetruetruetruetruetrueslideTimelinebySlidesfalsetruetruefalsefalsetruetruefalsetruefalsefalsetruetruetrueWelcome to Advanced Fire Fighting course Module 2: Direct and Indirect Attack, Unit 2: Theory
This module will help you familiarize yourself with Advanced firefighting techniques.
We hope that you find it easy to use and useful to your understanding.welcome to advanced fire fighting course module 2: direct and indirect attack, unit 2: theory
this module will help you familiarize yourself with advanced firefighting techniques.
we hope that you find it easy to use and useful to your understanding.<p><font size="12">Welcome to Advanced Fire Fighting course <b>Module 2: Direct and Indirect Attack, Unit 2: Theory</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">This module will help you familiarize yourself with Advanced firefighting techniques.</font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">We hope that you find it easy to use and useful to your understanding.</font></p>Course: Advanced Firefighting Module: A-2 Direct – Indirect attack Unit: A-2-2 – TheoryModule outline
In this module the following topics will be discussed:
• 3 phase attack – Fire fighting with water fog (fog attack)
• Gas cooling
• Direct attack
• Indirect attack
• Exterior attack – Peripheral Coolingmodule outline
in this module the following topics will be discussed:
• 3 phase attack – fire fighting with water fog (fog attack)
• gas cooling
• direct attack
• indirect attack
• exterior attack – peripheral cooling<p><font size="12"><b>Module outline</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">In this module the following topics will be discussed:</font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">• <b>3 phase attack – Fire fighting with water fog (fog attack)</b></font></p><p><font size="12">• <b>Gas cooling</b></font></p><p><font size="12">• <b>Direct attack</b></font></p><p><font size="12">• <b>Indirect attack</b></font></p><p><font size="12">• <b>Exterior attack – Peripheral Cooling</b></font></p>Module outline
In this module the following topics will be discussed:
3 phase attack – Fire fighting with water fog (fog attack)
Gas cooling
Direct attack
Indirect attack
Exterior attack – Peripheral CoolingLearning objectives
Upon completing this module the trainees should be able to …
• Identify proper water techniques during fire fighting
• Apply proper reentry techniques in a ship compartment on fire
• Apply gas cooling techniques
• Comprehend direct and indirect attacks during a fire fighting operationlearning objectives
upon completing this module the trainees should be able to …
• identify proper water techniques during fire fighting
• apply proper reentry techniques in a ship compartment on fire
• apply gas cooling techniques
• comprehend direct and indirect attacks during a fire fighting operation<p><font size="12"><b>Learning objectives</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">Upon completing this module the trainees should be able to …</font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">• <b>Identify proper water techniques during fire fighting </b></font></p><p><font size="12">• <b>Apply proper reentry techniques in a ship compartment on fire </b></font></p><p><font size="12">• <b>Apply gas cooling techniques</b></font></p><p><font size="12">• <b>Comprehend direct and indirect attacks during a fire fighting operation</b></font></p>Learning objectives
Upon completing this module the trainees should be able to …
Identify proper water usage techniques during fire fighting
Apply proper reentry techniques in a ship compartment on fire
Apply gas cooling techniques
Comprehend direct and indirect attacks during a fire fighting operationFirefighting with fog attack
This method was used by the US Navy during WW2 as a method of firefighting in enclosed ship compartments
The idea was that fog would create a relatively safe environment for the fire fighting team. This is somehow true since high pressure fog streams provide
• Smaller droplets
• Better Protection
• Better Thermal Absorption
• Better Cooling
Nevertheless, fire fighting with fog attack only
• may cause fatigue and injury to personnel
• If openings appear in the burning compartment , fire would rush out as a wave firefighting with fog attack
this method was used by the us navy during ww2 as a method of firefighting in enclosed ship compartments
the idea was that fog would create a relatively safe environment for the fire fighting team. this is somehow true since high pressure fog streams provide
• smaller droplets
• better protection
• better thermal absorption
• better cooling
nevertheless, fire fighting with fog attack only
• may cause fatigue and injury to personnel
• if openings appear in the burning compartment , fire would rush out as a wave<p><font size="12"><b>Firefighting with fog attack</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">This method was used by the US Navy during WW2 as a method of firefighting in enclosed ship compartments</font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">The idea was that fog would create a relatively safe environment for the fire fighting team. This is somehow true since high pressure fog streams provide </font></p><p><font size="12">• <b>Smaller droplets</b></font></p><p><font size="12">• <b>Better Protection</b></font></p><p><font size="12">• <b>Better Thermal Absorption</b></font></p><p><font size="12">• <b>Better Cooling</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">Nevertheless, fire fighting with fog attack only</font></p><p><font size="12">• <b>may cause fatigue and injury to personnel</b></font></p><p><font size="12">• <b>If openings appear in the burning compartment , fire would rush out as a wave </b></font></p>Firefighting with fog attack
Firstly used by the US Navy during WW2
firefighting in enclosed ship compartments
Fog would provide relative safety
Smaller droplets
Better Protection
Better Thermal Absorption
Better Cooling
Nevertheless fog only attacks
may cause fatigue and injury to personnel
fire may rush out as a waveThree phase attack
Following research over the year it was decided that a combination of direct and indirect cooling had better results in fire fighting
This combination is known as the three phase attack
• Phase 1 – Cooling before the entrance
• Phase 2 – Entry and attack
• Phase 3 – Cooling of heat surfaces and small sourcesthree phase attack
following research over the year it was decided that a combination of direct and indirect cooling had better results in fire fighting
this combination is known as the three phase attack
• phase 1 – cooling before the entrance
• phase 2 – entry and attack
• phase 3 – cooling of heat surfaces and small sources<p><font size="12"><b>Three phase attack</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">Following research over the year it was decided that a combination of direct and indirect cooling had better results in fire fighting</font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">This combination is known as the three phase attack</font></p><p><font size="12">• <b>Phase 1 – Cooling before the entrance</b></font></p><p><font size="12">• <b>Phase 2 – Entry and attack</b></font></p><p><font size="12">• <b>Phase 3 – Cooling of heat surfaces and small source</b>s</font></p>Three phase attack
A combination of direct and indirect cooling had better results
Phase 1
Cooling before the entrance
Phase 2
Entry and attack
Phase 3
Cooling of heat surfaces
and small sources
The three phase attackFirefighting with fog attack – theory
When water comes in contact with fire, it expands 1700-3400 times depending on the temperature of the compartment.
This situation could lead to an increase at pressure inside the compartment.
Nevertheless, when the water is applied correctly, the contraction of the gases is bigger than the expansion of the water.
firefighting with fog attack – theory
when water comes in contact with fire, it expands 1700-3400 times depending on the temperature of the compartment.
this situation could lead to an increase at pressure inside the compartment.
nevertheless, when the water is applied correctly, the contraction of the gases is bigger than the expansion of the water.
<p><font size="16" color="#000000"><b>Firefighting with fog attack – theory</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="14" color="#203864">When water comes in contact with fire, it expands 1700-3400 times depending on the temperature of the compartment.</font></p><p></p><p><font size="14" color="#203864">This situation could lead to an increase at pressure inside the compartment.</font></p><p></p><p><font size="14" color="#203864">Nevertheless, when the water is applied correctly, the contraction of the gases is bigger than the expansion of the water.</font></p>Firefighting with fog attack – theory
Water comes in contact with fire, can expand 1700 – 3400 times
This could lead to an increase of pressure inside the compartment
When water is applied correctly, the contraction of the gases is bigger than the expansion of the waterFirefighting with fog attack – neutral plane
An important concept you will be introduced at this point, is the concept of the neutral plane.
The neutral plane is the area of separation between the overpressure region and the underpressure regions developed in a compartment on fire. In your screen it can be seen quite clearly, that a thermal balance exists in the compartment on fire.
firefighting with fog attack – neutral plane
an important concept you will be introduced at this point, is the concept of the neutral plane.
the neutral plane is the area of separation between the overpressure region and the underpressure regions developed in a compartment on fire. in your screen it can be seen quite clearly, that a thermal balance exists in the compartment on fire.
<p><font size="13" color="#000000"><b>Firefighting with fog attack – neutral plane</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="12" color="#203864">An important concept you will be introduced at this point, is the concept of the neutral plane. </font></p><p></p><p><font size="12" color="#203864">The <b>neutral plane is the area of separation between the overpressure region and the underpressure regions </b>developed in a compartment on fire. In your screen it can be seen quite clearly, that a thermal balance exists in the compartment on fire. </font></p>Firefighting with fog attack – neutral planeFirefighting with fog attack – neutral plane
An important concept you will be introduced at this point, is the concept of the neutral plane.
The neutral plane is the area of separation between the overpressure region and the underpressure regions developed in a compartment on fire. In your screen it can be seen quite clearly, that a thermal balance exists in the compartment on fire.
Three phase firefighting techniques can assist to keep the neutral plane as high as possible, thus maximizing visibility and making conditions more bearable for entrapped occupants and firefighters. In that sense, maintaining the neutral plane high, is a key principle in successful, safe and efficient firefighting in confined compartments.
The exact techniques on how this can be achieved in action, will be thoroughly analyzed both in the next module “Direct and Indirect attack, practice, and during the HOT training inside the fire fighting simulator. firefighting with fog attack – neutral plane
an important concept you will be introduced at this point, is the concept of the neutral plane.
the neutral plane is the area of separation between the overpressure region and the underpressure regions developed in a compartment on fire. in your screen it can be seen quite clearly, that a thermal balance exists in the compartment on fire.
three phase firefighting techniques can assist to keep the neutral plane as high as possible, thus maximizing visibility and making conditions more bearable for entrapped occupants and firefighters. in that sense, maintaining the neutral plane high, is a key principle in successful, safe and efficient firefighting in confined compartments.
the exact techniques on how this can be achieved in action, will be thoroughly analyzed both in the next module “direct and indirect attack, practice, and during the hot training inside the fire fighting simulator.<p><font size="13" color="#000000"><b>Firefighting with fog attack – neutral plane</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="12" color="#203864">An important concept you will be introduced at this point, is the concept of the neutral plane. </font></p><p></p><p><font size="12" color="#203864">The <b>neutral plane is the area of separation between the overpressure region and the underpressure regions </b>developed in a compartment on fire. In your screen it can be seen quite clearly, that a thermal balance exists in the compartment on fire. </font></p><p></p><p><font size="12" color="#203864">Three phase firefighting techniques can assist to <b>keep the neutral plane as high as possible</b>, thus <b>maximizing visibility </b>and <b>making conditions more bearable</b> for entrapped occupants and firefighters. In that sense, maintaining the neutral plane high, is a key principle in successful, safe and efficient firefighting in confined compartments.</font></p><p></p><p><font size="12" color="#203864">The exact techniques on how this can be achieved in action, will be thoroughly analyzed both in the next module “Direct and Indirect attack, practice, and during the HOT training inside the fire fighting simulator. </font></p>Firefighting with fog attack – neutral planeFire Fighting with fogging nozzle
When the fogging nozzle is used, a very effective fog stays on the environment.
The sealing of the compartment can be avoided with the combination of fog and effective ventilation
Reignition can be avoided as the gases are diluted before the reaction with the oxygenfire fighting with fogging nozzle
when the fogging nozzle is used, a very effective fog stays on the environment.
the sealing of the compartment can be avoided with the combination of fog and effective ventilation
reignition can be avoided as the gases are diluted before the reaction with the oxygen<p><font size="13"><b>Fire Fighting with fogging nozzle</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="13">When the fogging nozzle is used, a very effective fog stays on the environment.</font></p><p></p><p><font size="13">The sealing of the compartment can be avoided with the combination of fog and effective ventilation</font></p><p></p><p><font size="13">Reignition can be avoided as the gases are diluted before the reaction with the oxygen</font></p>Fire Fighting with fogging nozzle
When the fogging nozzle is used, a very effective fog stays on the environment
The sealing of the compartment can be avoided with the combination of fog and effective ventilation
Reignition can be avoided as the gases are diluted before the reaction with the oxygen
Fire Fighting nozzle angle adjustment
30 degrees angle at nozzle is suitable for attack with the use of fog at the fire.
This adjustment could be used to any type of fire and compartments.
60 degrees angle at the nozzle is suitable for gas cooling procedure
fire fighting nozzle angle adjustment
30 degrees angle at nozzle is suitable for attack with the use of fog at the fire.
this adjustment could be used to any type of fire and compartments.
60 degrees angle at the nozzle is suitable for gas cooling procedure
<p><font size="13"><b>Fire Fighting nozzle angle adjustment</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="13"><b>30 degrees angle at nozzle is suitable for attack with the use of fog at the fire.</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="13">This adjustment could be used to any type of fire and compartments.</font></p><p></p><p><font size="13"><b>60 degrees angle at the nozzle is suitable for gas cooling procedure</b></font></p>Fire Fighting nozzle angle adjustment
30o degrees angle at nozzle is suitable for fogging nozzle attack
This adjustment can be used to any type of fire and compartments
60o degrees angle at the nozzle is suitable for gas cooling procedureFire Fighting nozzle angle adjustment
Furthermore, the best attack angle of the nozzle should be at 45o since at that angle water is penetrating through the gases in the most effective way possible.
All the practical details are more thoroughly analyzed in the following unit A-2-2 Direct indirect attack, practice fire fighting nozzle angle adjustment
furthermore, the best attack angle of the nozzle should be at 45o since at that angle water is penetrating through the gases in the most effective way possible.
all the practical details are more thoroughly analyzed in the following unit a-2-2 direct indirect attack, practice<p><font size="13"><b>Fire Fighting nozzle angle adjustment</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="13">Furthermore, the best attack angle of the nozzle should be at 45o since at that angle water is penetrating through the gases in the most effective way possible.</font></p><p></p><p><font size="13">All the practical details are more thoroughly analyzed in the following unit A-2-2 Direct indirect attack, practice </font></p>Fire Fighting nozzle angle adjustment
In order to be effective, the water should do the max distance through the gases
the best attack angle is 45oGas cooling
Gas cooling is an essential part of the 3 phase technique
In Gas cooling, water is directed into the smoke layer in the form of swift bursts – pulses in fog mode
Advantages
• Gas temperature is reduced because of water vapor
• Gases dilute thus reducing possibility for gas ignition or flashover
• Smaller amount of water is also usedgas cooling
gas cooling is an essential part of the 3 phase technique
in gas cooling, water is directed into the smoke layer in the form of swift bursts – pulses in fog mode
advantages
• gas temperature is reduced because of water vapor
• gases dilute thus reducing possibility for gas ignition or flashover
• smaller amount of water is also used<p><font size="13" color="#000000"><b>Gas cooling</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="13" color="#000000"><b>Gas cooling </b>is an essential part of the 3 phase technique</font></p><p><font size="13" color="#000000">In Gas cooling, w</font><font size="12" color="#203864">ater is directed into the smoke layer in the form of swift bursts – pulses in fog mode</font></p><p></p><p><font size="12" color="#203864"><b>Advantages</b></font></p><p><font size="12" color="#203864">• Gas temperature is reduced because of water vapor</font></p><p><font size="12" color="#203864">• Gases dilute thus reducing possibility for gas ignition or flashover</font></p><p><font size="12" color="#203864">• Smaller amount of water is also used</font></p>Gas cooling
Water is directed into the smoke layer in the form of swift bursts – pulses in fog mode
Advantages
Gas temperature is reduced
Gases dilute
reduced possibility for ignition or flashover
Low water consumption
Source: CFBT-BE Version 26/9/12 – Author: Bart NoyersGas cooling – excessive water consumption
Low water consumption in fire fighting is important since, excessive use of water can create several issues
First of all it significantly lowers the neutral plane, thus making fire fighting more difficult. It also, produces large volumes of steam, and creates difficult conditions for the fire fighters and any potentially injured personnel.
Excessive water also, Increases the pressure inside the compartment and creates free surfaces, which can potentially affect ship’s buoyancygas cooling – excessive water consumption
low water consumption in fire fighting is important since, excessive use of water can create several issues
first of all it significantly lowers the neutral plane, thus making fire fighting more difficult. it also, produces large volumes of steam, and creates difficult conditions for the fire fighters and any potentially injured personnel.
excessive water also, increases the pressure inside the compartment and creates free surfaces, which can potentially affect ship’s buoyancy<p><font size="13" color="#000000"><b>Gas cooling – excessive water consumption</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="13" color="#000000">Low water consumption in fire fighting is important since, excessive use of water can create several issues</font></p><p></p><p><font size="12" color="#203864">First of all it <b>significantly lowers the neutral plane, </b>thus making fire fighting more difficult. It also, <b>produces large volumes of steam, </b>and creates <b>difficult conditions for the fire fighters and any potentially injured personnel. </b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="12" color="#203864">Excessive water also<b>, Increases the pressure </b>inside the compartment and <b>creates free surfaces, </b>which can potentially affect ship’s buoyancy</font></p>Gas cooling – Excessive water consumption
1
Lowers the neutral plane
2
Produces steam
3
Difficult conditions
Increases pressure
5
Creates free surfaces
4Entering the compartment – preparation
Before the fire fighting team enters the burning compartment, there are some preparative actions to be taken
First of all, fire boundaries must be set, to limit smoke contamination when the access door opens
Furthermore, Electrical isolation must be complete prior to re-entry with the exception of lighting, which is to be decided by the scene leader of the fire fighting team. Complete electrical isolation helps to decrease the number of ignition sources inside the compartment.
The next step is cooling down the entrance to the compartment. This happens in order to reduce the ignition point of the gases right behind the entrance, and maybe to detect the level of the neutral plane from the reaction of the water on the door.
entering the compartment – preparation
before the fire fighting team enters the burning compartment, there are some preparative actions to be taken
first of all, fire boundaries must be set, to limit smoke contamination when the access door opens
furthermore, electrical isolation must be complete prior to re-entry with the exception of lighting, which is to be decided by the scene leader of the fire fighting team. complete electrical isolation helps to decrease the number of ignition sources inside the compartment.
the next step is cooling down the entrance to the compartment. this happens in order to reduce the ignition point of the gases right behind the entrance, and maybe to detect the level of the neutral plane from the reaction of the water on the door.
<p><font size="12"><b>Entering the compartment – preparation </b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">Before the fire fighting team enters the burning compartment, there are some preparative actions to be taken</font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">First of all, <b>fire boundaries must be set</b>, to limit smoke contamination when the access door opens</font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">Furthermore, <b>Electrical isolation must be complete </b>prior to re-entry with the exception of lighting, which is to be decided by the scene leader of the fire fighting team. Complete electrical isolation <b>helps to decrease the number of ignition sources </b>inside the compartment.</font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">The next step is <b>cooling down the entrance to the compartment</b>. This happens in order <b>to reduce the ignition point of the gases</b> right behind the entrance, and maybe <b>to detect the level of the neutral plane </b>from the reaction of the water on the door.</font></p>Entering the compartment – preparation
Set fire boundaries
Electrical isolation
To reduce ignition sources inside the compartment
Cool down the entrance
To reduce gases ignition point
To detect neutral planeEntering the compartment – entry
Once the entrance, has been cooled down, the team is ready to attempt entry.
The first step is to open the door slightly to reduce pressure on the room. The door is opened barely enough for the nozzle to be able to perform gas cooling in order to control the temperature.
entering the compartment – entry
once the entrance, has been cooled down, the team is ready to attempt entry.
the first step is to open the door slightly to reduce pressure on the room. the door is opened barely enough for the nozzle to be able to perform gas cooling in order to control the temperature.
<p><font size="12"><b>Entering the compartment – entry</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">Once the entrance, has been cooled down, the team is ready to attempt entry.</font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">The first step is to open the door slightly to reduce pressure on the room. The door is opened barely enough for the nozzle to be able to perform gas cooling in order to control the temperature. </font></p><p></p><p></p>Entering the compartment – entry
Once the entrance door is cooled down the team is ready to attempt entry
Reduce the pressure in the room
By opening the door slightly
By performing gas cooling bursts
To control compartment temperatureSelecting strategy
Once the entrance door is opened, the fire fighting team can make a first estimation of the situation and decide on the type of attack.
To know more about the types of attack, please click on the corresponding area on your screen
To proceed to Module summary please click to the blue arrow selecting strategy
once the entrance door is opened, the fire fighting team can make a first estimation of the situation and decide on the type of attack.
to know more about the types of attack, please click on the corresponding area on your screen
to proceed to module summary please click to the blue arrow<p><font size="12"><b>Selecting strategy </b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">Once the entrance door is opened, the fire fighting team can make a first estimation of the situation and decide on the type of attack.</font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">To know more about the types of attack, please click on the corresponding area on your screen</font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">To proceed to Module summary please click to the blue arrow </font></p>Selecting type of attack
Direct attack
Indirect attack
Exterior attack
Peripheral Cooling
Click here
to Module
SummarySelecting strategy
Once the entrance door is opened, the fire fighting team can make a first estimation of the situation and decide on the type of attack.
To know more about the types of attack, please click on the corresponding area on your screen
To proceed to Module summary please click to the blue arrow selecting strategy
once the entrance door is opened, the fire fighting team can make a first estimation of the situation and decide on the type of attack.
to know more about the types of attack, please click on the corresponding area on your screen
to proceed to module summary please click to the blue arrow<p><font size="12"><b>Selecting strategy </b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">Once the entrance door is opened, the fire fighting team can make a first estimation of the situation and decide on the type of attack.</font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">To know more about the types of attack, please click on the corresponding area on your screen</font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">To proceed to Module summary please click to the blue arrow </font></p>Selecting type of attack
Direct attack
Indirect attack
Exterior attack
Peripheral Cooling
Click here
to Module
Summary14Direct attack
A direct attack upon a fire involves entering the compartment, proceeding to the seat of the fire, and attacking it “directly.” The 3 phase direct attacks involve gas cooling, a fog attack into the overhead gases. Other times a direct attack upon the base of the fire from the compartment entrance is the best approach. The accessman opens the hatch or door so that fire fighters can enter the compartment. If a fire has burned for a considerable time, the access hatch to the compartment may be jammed. It may be necessary to use forcible entry equipment, including bolt cutters, sledge hammers etc.
The fire fighting team should conduct gas cooling, even after the fire is extinguished as gases are still produced.
direct attack
a direct attack upon a fire involves entering the compartment, proceeding to the seat of the fire, and attacking it “directly.” the 3 phase direct attacks involve gas cooling, a fog attack into the overhead gases. other times a direct attack upon the base of the fire from the compartment entrance is the best approach. the accessman opens the hatch or door so that fire fighters can enter the compartment. if a fire has burned for a considerable time, the access hatch to the compartment may be jammed. it may be necessary to use forcible entry equipment, including bolt cutters, sledge hammers etc.
the fire fighting team should conduct gas cooling, even after the fire is extinguished as gases are still produced.
<p><font size="12"><b>Direct attack</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">A direct attack upon a fire involves <b>entering the compartment, proceeding to the seat of the fire, and attacking it “directly</b>.” The 3 phase direct attacks involve <b>gas cooling</b>, a fog attack into the overhead gases. Other times a direct attack upon the base of the fire from the compartment entrance is the best approach. The accessman opens the hatch or door so that fire fighters can enter the compartment. If a fire has burned for a considerable time, the access hatch to the compartment may be jammed. It may be necessary to use forcible entry equipment, including bolt cutters, sledge hammers etc.</font></p><p><font size="12">The fire fighting team should conduct gas cooling, even after the fire is extinguished as gases are still produced. </font></p>Direct attack
Direct attack
Direct
Entering the compartment and attacking directly to the base of fire
Gas cooling is involved
The access may be jammed
Gas cooling should continue even after the fire is extinguished1616Indirect attack
An indirect attack is used when conditions do not allow fire fighters to enter the burning compartment. A fog spray is introduced from a cracked doorway or any available area of penetration. Upon completion, fire fighters will then enter the compartment and attack the fire directly.
The main objective is to prevent fire from spreading
Compartment venting is another means of cooling the space so fire fighters may enter safely. An opening leading directly to an open weather deck area (or a
large open compartment leading directly outside) allows the hot gases overhead to vent. It may be desirable to cut a hole in the overhead leading outside.
indirect attack
an indirect attack is used when conditions do not allow fire fighters to enter the burning compartment. a fog spray is introduced from a cracked doorway or any available area of penetration. upon completion, fire fighters will then enter the compartment and attack the fire directly.
the main objective is to prevent fire from spreading
compartment venting is another means of cooling the space so fire fighters may enter safely. an opening leading directly to an open weather deck area (or a
large open compartment leading directly outside) allows the hot gases overhead to vent. it may be desirable to cut a hole in the overhead leading outside.
<p><font size="12"><b>Indirect attack</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">An indirect attack is used <b>when conditions do not allow fire fighters to enter the burning compartment</b>. A <b>fog spray is introduced from a cracked doorway </b>or any available area of penetration. Upon completion, fire fighters will then enter the compartment and attack the fire directly.</font></p><p><font size="12"><b>The main objective is to prevent fire from spreading </b></font></p><p><font size="12"><b>Compartment venting </b>is another means of cooling the space so fire fighters may enter safely. An opening leading directly to an open weather deck area (or a</font></p><p><font size="12">large open compartment leading directly outside) allows the hot gases overhead to vent. It may be desirable to cut a hole in the overhead leading outside.</font></p>Indirect attack
Indirect Attack
Indirect
When conditions do not allow fire fighters to enter the burning compartment
Fog spray from a cracked opening
Main objective to prevent spreading
Compartment venting may be used1616Exterior attack – Peripheral cooling
Exterior attack or peripheral cooling is a method of firefighting which does not involve entering the compartment. Often used when so much of the compartment is involved in fire that there is little or no benefit to risking firefighter safety by inserting them into the compartment. May be a temporary measure when there are not sufficient personnel on scene to form an entry team. Most of the times it is used in parallel to Direct or Indirect attack
exterior attack – peripheral cooling
exterior attack or peripheral cooling is a method of firefighting which does not involve entering the compartment. often used when so much of the compartment is involved in fire that there is little or no benefit to risking firefighter safety by inserting them into the compartment. may be a temporary measure when there are not sufficient personnel on scene to form an entry team. most of the times it is used in parallel to direct or indirect attack
<p><font size="12"><b>Exterior attack – Peripheral cooling</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">Exterior attack or peripheral cooling is a method of firefighting which <b>does not involve entering the compartment</b>. Often used when so much of the compartment is involved in fire that there <b>is little or no benefit to risking firefighter safety </b>by inserting them into the compartment. May be a temporary measure when there are not sufficient personnel on scene to form an entry team. Most of the times it is <b>used in parallel to Direct or Indirect attack </b></font></p>Exterior Attack – Peripheral Cooling
Exterior Attack
Peripheral Cooling
Exterior
Does not involve entering the compartment
When there is little benefit to risking firefighter lives
Used in parallel to direct or indirect attack1616Module Summary
In this module we have discussed …
• 3 phase attack – Fire fighting with water fog (fog attack)
• Gas cooling
• Direct attack
• Indirect attack
• Exterior attack – Peripheral Coolingmodule summary
in this module we have discussed …
• 3 phase attack – fire fighting with water fog (fog attack)
• gas cooling
• direct attack
• indirect attack
• exterior attack – peripheral cooling<p><font size="12"><b>Module Summary</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">In this module we have discussed …</font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">• <b>3 phase attack – Fire fighting with water fog (fog attack)</b></font></p><p><font size="12">• <b>Gas cooling</b></font></p><p><font size="12">• <b>Direct attack</b></font></p><p><font size="12">• <b>Indirect attack</b></font></p><p><font size="12">• <b>Exterior attack – Peripheral Cooling</b></font></p>Module summary
3 phase attack – Fire fighting with water fog (fog attack)
Gas cooling
Direct attack
Indirect attack
Exterior attack – Peripheral CoolingThis concludes Unit A-2-2: Direct - Indirect attack – theory
Thank you for completing the unit.
You may now proceed to Unit A-2-3: Direct – Indirect attack – practice this concludes unit a-2-2: direct - indirect attack – theory
thank you for completing the unit.
you may now proceed to unit a-2-3: direct – indirect attack – practice<p><font size="12">This concludes <b>Unit A-2-2: Direct - Indirect attack – theory</b></font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">Thank you for completing the unit.</font></p><p></p><p><font size="12">You may now proceed to Unit <b>A-2-3: Direct – Indirect attack – practice </b></font></p>End of module
Congratulations! Thank you for completing this unit!
You may now proceed to
Unit A-2-3: Direct – Indirect attack – practice